Who won the Nobel Prize this year and for what. Analysis

The Nobel Prize in 2025 was awarded in six categories: physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, economics and the Peace Prize. The biggest stir was around the peace Prize, which was nominated by US President Donald Trump, but it went to Maria Corina Machado, a representative of the Venezuelan opposition. Who else received the Nobel Prize and a reward of 11 thousand Swedish crowns, - in the Izvestia article.

Medicine — Shimon Sakaguchi, Mary Brankov and Fred Ramsdell

Japanese Shimon Sakaguchi and Americans Mary Brankov and Fred Ramsdell received the Nobel Prize in Medicine for their "research on peripheral immunological tolerance." Their work is of fundamental importance for the possible development of therapies for autoimmune diseases, a group of diseases in which the human immune system attacks its own tissues and organs, causing damage to them. Currently, there is no cure for diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and the like.

Tolerant ratios: the Nobel Prize in medicine was awarded for research on immunity

How is the ability of the body's defense system to turn on the brakes and not attack its own cells used in the treatment of cancer and other diseases

Previously, scientists have already described such a phenomenon as central tolerance. It is understood as the release of B cells and T cells in the bone marrow and thymus, which prevent immune cells from attacking their own body by destroying potentially dangerous cells. However, this mechanism is not perfect and requires refinement, which is provided by peripheral tolerance. The T helper cells created within it regulate the activity of T cells, preventing them from attacking the body. Sakaguchi discovered T-helper cells in mouse experiments, and Brankov and Ramsdell identified the FOXP3 gene, which regulates the T-helper pathway.

Physics — John Clark, Michel Devore and John Martinis

Briton John Clark, Frenchman Michel Devore and American John Martinis have won the Nobel Prize in Physics for "the discovery of quantum tunneling at the macro level and the quantization of energy in an electrical circuit." Their work is important for the potential creation of quantum computers, which open up new possibilities in the field of computing.

The development of stable quantum computers is still hampered by the fact that the world around them is destroying quantum systems, and therefore physicists are looking for ways to create such physical objects that will be reliably isolated from the external environment. Clark, Devore, and Martinis, working as a team, conducted experiments with superconductivity back in the mid-1980s, which allowed them to achieve the properties necessary to create a quantum computer. In simple terms, they have created a transistor that works in quantum mechanics.

Chemistry — Susumu Kitagawa, Richard Robson and Omar Yagi

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Japanese Susumu Kitagawa, British Richard Robson and American Omar Yagi, who comes from a family of Palestinian refugees from Jordan. They became laureates with the wording "for the development of metal-organic frame structures." At different times, they have alternately contributed to the discovery and development of these new and promising chemical compounds.

Scientific pores: Nobel Prize in Chemistry given for "molecular lego"

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Metal-organic frameworks (IOCs) are lattices in which organic molecules are joined by metal atoms. IOCs have a large volume of voids that can be filled with other substances. This allows them to act as containers and filters at the molecular level, and the use of different metals and molecules gives the necessary properties for a specific task. In practice, IOCs open up new possibilities in water purification and capture from the air, decomposition of waste, and storage of medicines.

Literature — Laszlo Krasnahorkai

The Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to Hungarian Laszlo Krasnahorkai for "convincing and prophetic creativity that confirms the power of art in the midst of apocalyptic horror." Such novels as "Satanic Tango", "Melancholia of Resistance", "War and War", "Ruin and Sorrow of the Celestial Empire", as well as collections of short stories brought him fame in the literary world.

Krasnakhorkai traveled a lot all his life and lived in various countries, which is reflected in his work. His books are characterized by a plotless dystopianism and a melancholic mood that reconciles his characters with the grotesque reality created by the author. Krasnakhorkai stands out for the special sound of the texts, the precise language, long sentences and paragraphs in which the reader literally immerses himself with his head.

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Peace Prize — Maria Corina Machado

The Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to Venezuelan politician Maria Corina Machado. She became the first representative of her country to receive the award. The Norwegian Nobel Committee awarded the prize "for her tireless work to promote the democratic rights of the Venezuelan people and for her struggle to achieve a just and peaceful transition from dictatorship to democracy."

From 2011 to 2014, Machado was a member of the Venezuelan parliament, after which she became one of the leaders of the protests against Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro. In 2023, she won the presidential primaries, but her candidacy was not registered due to a 15-year disqualification. In 2024, Machado announced that she would be hiding from the Venezuelan authorities. After that, she was nominated for the Nobel Prize, and many American politicians expressed their support for her, including current US Secretary of State Marco Rubio.

Economics — Joel Mokir, Philippe Agyon and Peter Howitt

The last one was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics. Unlike other nominations, it did not appear according to the will of the Swedish philanthropist Alfred Nobel, but was established by the Swedish State Bank. The Academy of Sciences also selects the laureates, and its amount is identical to the remuneration for other awards.

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In 2025, Joel Mokir, an American-Israeli economic historian, Philippe Agyon, a French economist, and Peter Howitt, a Canadian, became the winners of the Economics Prize for explaining innovation-oriented economic growth. The prize was not divided equally: half was awarded to Mokyr, the other half was shared by Agyon and Howitt.

Based on historical sources, Mokir proved that a continuous innovation process requires not only practical knowledge, but also a scientific understanding of the principles of technology. Aguillon and Howitt developed a mathematical model of creative destruction, a process in which new products displace outdated technologies.