How pensions are formed. What you need to know

In February 2025, there was an additional indexation of insurance pensions for Russian pensioners. Instead of the originally planned 7.3%, the increase in payments amounted to 9.5%. Russians will receive indexed pensions until February 25. At the same time, on April 1, indexation of social pensions by 14.75% is expected. What is the difference between them, how the final size of the pension is calculated and what other payments - in the material "Izvestia".

What types of pensions exist in Russia

- In Russia, there are five types of pensions: insurance, social, state pension, funded and voluntary. When talking about pensions, most often they mean the insurance pension , appointed by old age, or various subtypes of social pensions.

- Insurance pension is appointed to compensate for the income that was due during labor activity. Its size depends on how long a person worked officially and how much his employer paid insurance contributions to the mandatory pension insurance system. In addition to the old-age pension, it is appointed for disability, if a person has lost the ability to work, and for the loss of the breadwinner. The latter is received by the relatives of the insured in case of his death.

- Social pensions are paid from the state budget in the event that an incapacitated citizen does not have an insurance record. Payments on social pensions are fixed. Social pensions are also paid for old age, disability and loss of breadwinner, as well as for orphans.

- Certain categories of citizens, such as military personnel, law enforcement officers, cosmonauts and victims of disasters, are assigned a state pension. It is granted for length of service, old age, disability and loss of breadwinner. Such a pension supplements the insurance pension.

- Accumulative pension is entitled if a citizen has appropriate savings. These can be insurance premiums paid before 2013, or maternity capital. It is also a supplement to the insurance pension.

- Voluntary pension can be obtained if you conclude an agreement with a non-state pension fund and independently pay contributions. Sometimes the payment of contributions is assumed by the employer. Voluntary pension will be in addition to all of the above, to which a citizen is entitled. Its size and conditions are formed individually, depending on the contract concluded.

How the insurance pension is formed

- The basis of the insurance pension is made up of individual pension coefficients (IPK). They are accumulated during the insurance period and have a certain value. At retirement, personal IPK points are multiplied by the value of the coefficient. A fixed payment is also added to them. The amount of the insurance pension is made up of this sum.

- In 2025, the value of the PKI will amount to 145.69 rubles, and the fixed payment for the old-age pension - 8907.70 rubles. These indicators are indexed annually. In 2025, it amounted to 9.5%. In 2026 and 2027, two indexations are planned - alternately by 4.5%, 5.5%, 4% and 4.1%.

- The amount of CPI and fixed payment can be increased if you retire later than you should. If you do it after 10 years (the latest possible date), the CPI will increase 2.32 times, and the fixed payment - 2.11 times. There is also an increase to the fixed payment when working in the Far North (50%) and in equated areas (30%). However, in order for the increase to appear, it is necessary to work there for 15 and 20 years respectively. After 80 years of age, the fixed payment is doubled.

- PKI are assigned for each year of official employment and depend on the amount of salary. In one year, it is possible to earn up to 10 pension points. In 2025, this can be achieved with a monthly salary of 229.92 thousand rubles. In addition, points are assigned for caring for a child under the age of one and a half years, a disabled child or an elderly person over 80 years old, as well as for service in the army under conscription and participation in special operations. The easiest way to find out the number of accumulated points is to send a request in the "Gosuservices" application.

- To receive an old-age insurance pension, it is necessary to have at least 30 CPI and at least 15 years of service. It is possible to buy the missing points or years of experience. To do this, you need to make voluntary contributions to the Social Fund of Russia (SFR). If it is not possible to receive an insurance pension, a social pension will be assigned.

- The insurance pension for disability and loss of breadwinner is formed on the same principle as for old age. The differences lie in the circumstances under which it is appointed, and in the size of the fixed payment. For disabled persons of group I, it is 200% of the old-age indicator, group II - 100%, group III - 50%. The fixed payment increases if the disabled person has dependents in the family. The survivor's pension is received by his dependents in the amount that would be received by the insured himself, but with half of the fixed payment.

How the social pension is formed

- Social pension on three grounds (old age, disability, loss of breadwinner) is appointed if there is no basis for the appointment of an insurance pension. Orphans also receive a social pension until the age of 18 (until the age of 23 in case of full-time education), as they cannot have the very possibility of having an insurance record and CPI points.

- Social pensions are indexed annually on April 1. In 2025, they will increase by 14.75%. From this date, old-age pensioners will receive 8824.08 rubles. Disabled persons of group I are entitled to 17,648.24 rubles, group II - 8824.08 rubles, group III - 7500.53 rubles. On loss of breadwinner is entitled to 8824.08 rubles, and orphans - twice as much.

- To all types of social pension there is a supplement to the subsistence minimum of a pensioner (it is lower than the subsistence minimum for able-bodied people). It can be received in the absence of other income. The exception is self-employed old-age pensioners and young people working at the direction of employment centers - they will still receive an increase. The state from the federal budget supplements social pensions up to 15,250 rubles. Also do the regions where the subsistence minimum of the pensioner is higher than the federal one. The largest social pension can be received in Chukotka - there it will be equal to 46,283 rubles.

How the state pension is formed

- Pension for long service is a supplement to the insurance pension for some categories of citizens. State civil servants receive a supplement in the amount of 45% of the average monthly earnings in the last year of work, and the military, members of the security forces and cosmonauts - 50% of the allowance. All of them need to fulfill the conditions of length of service to receive such a pension. Each year over the length of service adds from 1 to 3% to the long-service pension.

- The long-service pension for test pilots is considered differently. If test flights were made during 2/3 of the total length of service of the pilot, they will receive 1000% of the social pension (that is, 88,240 rubles) and an additional 25% for each year over the length of service. If such flights were performed for less than 2/3 of the career, the basic increase will be 800%.

- Military personnel, veterans of the Great Patriotic War and victims of radiation and man-made disasters can also receive state disability pensions. Depending on the group of disability and the circumstances of its receipt, the payments will be from 100 to 300% of the due social pension. The scheme is somewhat different for cosmonauts - they are entitled to receive from 50 to 85% of their allowance during service.

- The state survivor's pension is calculated in a similar way. It will amount to 150 to 200% of the social pension for relatives of a military man and 125% for family members of a person killed in a radiation or man-made disaster. The calculation for relatives of a deceased cosmonaut uses the monetary allowance - the pension will amount to 40% of it.

- The state old-age pension also exists, but it is entitled to victims of disasters and participants of the liquidation of the Chernobyl accident. Such payment will amount to 250% of the social pension. Those living or working in a radioactive contamination zone will receive 200% of the same payment.

How the funded pension is formed

- The funded pension can be paid monthly or in a lump sum. To calculate the monthly payment, it is necessary to divide the total available amount by 270 months - this is the period of expected payments set for 2025. The resulting amount will be paid for life in addition to all other types of pensions.

- If the resulting monthly payment is below 10% of the minimum subsistence level of pensioners, that is, below 1,525 rubles, the pensioner has the right to receive all savings in a lump sum. In 2025, this is possible if the amount of savings is less than 411,750 rubles.